Dual Role of Agriculture in Climate Change: Orchard- Based Systems in Afghanistan

Abstract

Agriculture plays a dual role in climate change, acting both as a contributor to greenhouse gas emissions and as a sector highly vulnerable to climatic impacts. In Afghanistan, orchard-based horticulture, including pomegranate, apple, apricot, and almond production, is essential for rural livelihoods, food security, and export income. This study analytically examines the dual role of orchard agriculture in the context of climate change. The research is based on a review and analysis of scientific literature, international reports, and studies related to agriculture and climate change. The study evaluates major greenhouse gas emission pathways (CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O), climate-related vulnerabilities such as heat stress, water scarcity, and extreme weather events, as well as adaptation and mitigation strategies suitable for Afghan conditions. The findings indicate that improved orchard management practices, including efficient irrigation, soil conservation, and nutrient management, can reduce greenhouse gas emissions while enhancing resilience, productivity, and income stability. The study confirms that sustainable horticultural systems can contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation simultaneously.