Investigation of the Chemical Constituents of Narcotic Substances and Their Mechanism of Action on the Human Body

Abstract

This study examines the chemical compound of narcotic drugs and their mechanisms of action on the human body, emphasizing the link between molecular structure and biological effects. Conducted as a review, it draws on reliable sources, books, and databases such as ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. The focus is on opioids, methamphetamines, and cannabinoids. Narcotics are natural or synthetic compounds affecting the central nervous system, causing mental, emotional, and physiological changes. They may be plant-derived, like morphine and codeine, or synthetically produced, such as amphetamines and methamphetamines. Based on source, structure, and physiological effects, narcotics are classified as opioids, stimulants, hallucinogens, and depressants. Major chemical constituents include alkaloids, amines, and opioid-like compounds, each with specific biological actions. Opioids bind to μ-opioid receptors to block pain and induce euphoria, while stimulants increase dopamine and norepinephrine, enhancing energy and alertness. This review highlights how molecular structure determines potency, metabolism, receptor binding, and the harmful effects of narcotic use.